Ancient History of Egypt|History of Pharaoh|Old Kingdom

NEOLITHIC CULTURE 5000 B.C.
Egyptian civilization at this period is know as the "Nagada culture" which can be divided into three phases. The culture first arises in the Fifth Millennium B.C. in upper Egypt between Abydos in the north and Armant in the south, and subsequently spread over the rest of Upper Egypt. The first -or Nagada I phase achieved trade relations with the Kharga oases, reached the Red Sea on the east, and the first Cataract on the south. The process of consolidating the country, which resulted in historical times in a unifying Egypt, may have begun under the Nagada second phase. Both trade relations and conflicts between Upper and Lower Egypt are arrested at this time. Especially noteworthy during this period are the fascinating early mural paintings discovered in a tomb at Hierakonpolis (ca, 3500 B.C.) and the ceramic decorations displaying human and animal figures, as well as ships complete with oars and cabins.The third and most advanced Nagada third phase seems to reveal influence both from Lower Egypt and other cultures in the Near East. Autonomous provinces were established and consolidated until two separate kingdoms eventually came into being: one in Upper Egypt with its capital at Nekheb (El kab, bear Edfu) and the other in Lower Egypt, with its capital at Buto (Tell el farain, cear Desouq).

THE HISTORICAL PERIOD 3000- 332 B.C.
The incident Egyptian history was divided into thirty-one dynasties, or royal families, by the Egyptian priest Manetho, who lived between 323 and 245 B.C. Manetho wrote his history of Egypt beginning with Menes of the first Dynasty and ending with Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. We can divide his dynasties further into several discrete discrete eras.

THE EARLY Dynasty 3000-2705 B.C.
Consists of the first two dynasties, and derives its name from the own of origin of the earliest kings Thinis. The first capital of the newly unified country was established by Gor-Aha (Menes), the fourth king of the first Dynasty, at Memphis. Hieroglyphic writing also came into use at this time in moderate scale for simple economic and other types of documents. These early jottings mostly served to list names, places or objects. A few experiments with stone as a building material, instead of mud brick, were also undertaken. Royal tombs were constructed at both Sakkara and Abydos. Among the famous representational works from this period is the Narmer palette, which commemorates the defeat of the Lower Egyptians at the hands of the Upper Egyptians and the unification of the two halves of the country.

THE OLD KINGDOM 2705-2155 B.C.
This period includes Dynasties 3-6. Memphis remained the political capital, but Heliopoleis grew as the most important religious center. The pharaohs were buried in the great pyramid necropolis of Sakkara, Giza, Abusir and Dahshur (to the southwest of Cairo). There are a lot of monuments belonging to this age such as Sakkara step pyramid - it is the first structure built completely from the stone; the bent pyramid at Dahshur - it is the first true pyramid built in Egypt. The Old kingdom was characterized by a highly bureaucratic and organized central administration.

THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 2134-1781 B.C.
The transition period from the Fifth to Sixth Dynasties. The corpus of religious mortuary literature known as "The Pyramid Texts" makes its first appearance inside the burial chambers of the pyramids. Members of the royal family and high officials were interred in mastabas, or in rock-cut tombs. The officials sepulchers were located either around the pyramid of the pharaoh they had served or in their own administrative province.

Ancient Egyptian civilization was certainly one of the most long lived and durable in all world history. Among the factors contributing to its longevity are the Nile river, its naturally protected valley, and the stable weather conditions. by the Neolithic period , the Egyptian already enjoyed a sedentary and stable existence .the annual inundation of the Nile induced them to construct dykes and dams to protect their settlements. and to dig canals to better irrigate and cultivate their field . they began to store harvest crops against times of famine. and they learned how to gauge the rise and fall of the inundation water. one might even was the primary catalyst underlying the organization and political unification of the country. in this sense ;then ; Herodotus -the father of history - was surly correct when he wrote in 449 B.C. that Egypt is the gift of the Nile.
NEOLITHIC CULTURE 5000 B.C. Egyptian civilization at this period is know as the "Nagada culture" which can be divided into three phases. The culture first arises in the Fifth Millennium B.C. in upper Egypt between Abydos in the north and Armant in the south, and subsequently spread over the rest of Upper Egypt. The first -or Nagada I phase achieved trade relations with the Kharga oases, reached the Red Sea on the east, and the first Cataract on the south. The process of consolidating the country, which resulted in historical times in a unifying Egypt, may have begun under the Nagada second phase. Both trade relations and conflicts between Upper and Lower Egypt are arrested at this time. Especially noteworthy during this period are the fascinating early mural paintings discovered in a tomb at Hierakonpolis (ca, 3500 B.C.) and the ceramic decorations displaying human and animal figures, as well as ships complete with oars and cabins.The third and most advanced Nagada third phase seems to reveal influence both from Lower Egypt and other cultures in the Near East. Autonomous provinces were established and consolidated until two separate kingdoms eventually came into being: one in Upper Egypt with its capital at Nekheb (El kab, bear Edfu) and the other in Lower Egypt, with its capital at Buto (Tell el farain, cear Desouq).
THE HISTORICAL PERIOD 3000- 332 B.C. The incident Egyptian history was divided into thirty-one dynasties, or royal families, by the Egyptian priest Manetho, who lived between 323 and 245 B.C. Manetho wrote his history of Egypt beginning with Menes of the first Dynasty and ending with Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. We can divide his dynasties further into several discrete discrete eras.
THE EARLY Dynasty 3000-2705 B.C. Consists of the first two dynasties, and derives its name from the own of origin of the earliest kings Thinis. The first capital of the newly unified country was established by Gor-Aha (Menes), the fourth king of the first Dynasty, at Memphis. Hieroglyphic writing also came into use at this time in moderate scale for simple economic and other types of documents. These early jottings mostly served to list names, places or objects. A few experiments with stone as a building material, instead of mud brick, were also undertaken. Royal tombs were constructed at both Sakkara and Abydos. Among the famous representational works from this period is the Narmer palette, which commemorates the defeat of the Lower Egyptians at the hands of the Upper Egyptians and the unification of the two halves of the country.
THE OLD KINGDOM 2705-2155 B.C. This period includes Dynasties 3-6. Memphis remained the political capital, but Heliopoleis grew as the most important religious center. The pharaohs were buried in the great pyramid necropolis of Sakkara, Giza, Abusir and Dahshur (to the southwest of Cairo). There are a lot of monuments belonging to this age such as Sakkara step pyramid - it is the first structure built completely from the stone; the bent pyramid at Dahshur - it is the first true pyramid built in Egypt. The Old kingdom was characterized by a highly bureaucratic and organized central administration.
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 2134-1781 B.C. The transition period from the Fifth to Sixth Dynasties. The corpus of religious mortuary literature known as "The Pyramid Texts" makes its first appearance inside the burial chambers of the pyramids. Members of the royal family and high officials were interred in mastabas, or in rock-cut tombs. The officials sepulchers were located either around the pyramid of the pharaoh they had served or in their own administrative province.
THE NEW KINGDOM 1550-1071 B.C. This period includes Dynasties 18-20, and is considered by many to be the golden age of Egyptian civilization. In the 18th Dynasty Thabes was both the political and the religious center of the realm. magnificent temples were erected there for the state god Amon-Ra. The temple of Karnack functioned not only as the major religious center, but also like a political one. It was economic and diplomatic focus for every thing, from the delivery of local taxes from across the river to foreign tribute from provinces such as Nubian, Syria-Palestine and Phoenicia, and from countries such as Punt (Somalia?), Libya, Crete, the Aegean islands and Mesopotamia. (the most famous rules of 18th dynasty).